3D
Printing Can Keep Aging Air Force Aircraft Flying
And the military wants you-to help it make spare parts for decades-old B-52
bombers and other planes.
A man walks on the wing of
a plane at an air base
The average Air Force
aircraft is 23 years old, and that makes finding replacement parts a pain. 3D
printing may offer a new way forward. PHOTOGRAPH: MASTER SGT. RUSSELL
SCALF/USAF
Glenn House and his colleagues spent more than four years making a new toilet
for the B-1 Lancer. The challenge wasn't fitting the john into the cockpit (it
went behind the front left seat), but ensuring that every part could handle
life aboard a plane that can pull 5 Gs, break the sound barrier, and spend
hours in wildly fluctuating temperatures. The end result didn't just have to
work. It had to work without rattling, leaking, or revealing itself to enemy
radar. Getting it okayed for use aboard the bomber was just as complex as
making it. "Getting a part approved can take years," says House, the
cofounder and president of Walpole, Massachusetts-based 2Is Inc.
Until last year, 2Is was in the military parts business, furnishing replacement
bits for assorted defense equipment. (Pronounced "two eyes," it sold
off the parts business and now focuses on defense-related supply-chain
software.) Providing spare parts for the military is a peculiar niche of the
economy. Things like aircraft and submarines spend decades in service, and the
companies that made them or supplied their myriad parts often disappear long
before their products retire. So when something needs a new knob, seat, or
potty, the military often turns to companies that specialize in making them
anew.
These outfits must work from dusty two-dimensional drawings or recreate
long-lost molds, but exactly match the standards of the original parts. Working
on very small orders-sometimes for just two or three of a given item-they don't
enjoy the economies of scale that make it reasonable to spend five figures on
tooling. A fussy approval process can mean waiting years to recoup an
investment. And so, in many cases, they don't bid on these military contracts,
preferring steadier, more reliable jobs.
That's a problem for the Air Force, whose fleet dates largely from the Cold
War. Its C-5, B-52, and KC-135 planes average 40, 56, and 57 years old,
respectively. The average Air Force aircraft is 23 years old. Every quarter,
the military branch sees 10,000 part requests go unfilled, despite its
readiness to pay an exorbitant amount of money to replace bits and bobs that
once cost pennies-try $10,000 for a toilet seat cover in a C-17 Globemaster
III.
"We're gonna have to find better ways to keep old things flying,"
says Will Roper, the assistant secretary of the Air Force for acquisition
technology and logistics. And he has one, represented by the toaster-sized
piece of plastic he keeps in his office. It's a latrine panel for a C-5
Supergalaxy cargo plane. In the past, the Air Force has paid $8,500 to replace
this part. But this one cost just $300, because it's 3D-printed.
Roper says that 3D printing, also called additive manufacturing, can produce
many of the parts for which the Air Force finds itself desperate, from C-5
gasket handles to F-15 longerons. "If I need two or three parts for a
B-52," he says, "I can just turn that over to one of our
printers." In the past few years, the Air Force has made thousands of
parts this way, and it can work for just about anything made of metal or
plastic. Composite and carbon fiber could work too, even circuit boards.
"We're gonna have to find better ways to keep old things flying."
WILL ROPER, ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE
But a novel approach means novel problems. It's still not easy to turn a
two-dimensional drawing into something a 3D printer can understand. The Air
Force needs new ways to prove that these parts can handle the rigors of life in
the air, that they'll be as durable and reliable as the originals. Its
scientists are exploring new techniques and creating their own mixes of metals
to suit their needs. But Roper's eager to move their work out of the
experimentation phase.
That's why he's organizing a new kind of war game: the Air Force Advanced
Manufacturing Olympics. Slated for July 8-9 in Salt Lake City, the competition
aims to bring in all sorts of players-additive manufacturing companies,
traditional defense contractors, tech startups, universities-to compete to
solve various problems.
The "open box of parts floor exercise" will ask teams to replicate
certain parts without being given the design specifications, while meeting the
Air Force's exacting standards. "Approval sprints" will be about
developing new ways to prove their work is as good as what came before. In the
"supply chain marathon," teams will puzzle over how to get a fresh
part to a given place, like Afghanistan. Maybe it's better to make it in the US
and ship it, or to keep 3D printing machines at the front line, or something in
between. Roper and his team at the newly created Rapid Sustainment Office are
still working out the prizes for these events, but they'll be some mix of money
and the chance to work with the Air Force or its contractors. Medals will be
3D-printed, of course.
Beyond solving these individual problems, Roper hopes to rethink how the Air
Force maintains its arsenal. Upkeep and logistics account for 70 percent of a
platform's total cost, and every dollar saved here can go to another program
(or back to taxpayers).
When 2Is was founded, in 2002, House thought additive manufacturing had a lot
of potential. But until a few years ago, the technology wasn't at the point
where it could make parts that were precise and durable enough for military
use. "We retreated to the standard manufacturing process," he says.
While he thinks these techniques are a tough sell for safety critical parts
like struts, engine blades, and landing gear, he says he's encouraged to see
the Air Force take an aggressive approach to advancing the new technology. And
that if he was still in the parts business, he'd make the trip to Salt Lake
City and go for the gold.
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